Jet engine

How to jet engine works?

A jet engine is a reaction engine that discharges a fast moving jet which generates thrust by jet propulsion in accordance with Newton's laws of motion. This broad definition of jet engines includes turbojets, turbofans, rockets, ramjets, and pulse jets. In general, most jet engines are internal combustion engines but non-combusting forms also exist.

In common parlance, the term jet engine loosely refers to an internal combustion airbreathing jet engine (a duct engine). These typically consist of an engine with a rotary (rotating) air compressor powered by a turbine ("Brayton cycle"), with the leftover power providing thrust via a propelling nozzle. These types of jet engines are primarily used by jet aircraft for long-distance travel. Early jet aircraft used turbojet engines which were relatively inefficient for subsonic flight. Modern subsonic jet aircraft usually use high-bypass turbofan engines which offer high speed with fuel efficiency comparable (over long distances) to piston and propeller aeroengines.

Jet engines create forward thrust by taking in a large amount of air and discharging it as a high-speed jet of gas. The way they’re designed allows aircraft to fly faster and further compared to propeller-driven aircraft.

Their development and refinement over the course of the last 65 years has made commercial air travel more practical and profitable, opening the world to business and recreational travelers. 

Major components 

 A jet engine having the following components.

1.Fan 

2.Compressor   

3.Combustor   

4.Turbine 

5.Nozzle  

Fan

    The fan is the first component in a turbofan. The large spinning fan sucks in large quantities of air. Most blades of the fan are made of titanium. It then speeds this air up and splits it into two parts. One part continues through the "core" or center of the jet engine, where it is acted upon by the other jet engine components.

Compressor

  

  The compressor is the first component in the jet engine core. The compressor is made up of fans with many blades and attached to a shaft. The compressor squeezes the air that enters it into progressively smaller areas, resulting in an increase in the air pressure. This results in an increase in the energy potential of the air. The squashed air is forced into the combustion chamber.

Combustor  

                 In the combustor the air is mixed with fuel and then ignited. There are as many as 20 nozzles to spray fuel into the airstream. The mixture of air and fuel catches fire. This provides a high temperature, high-energy airflow. The fuel burns with the oxygen in the compressed air, producing hot expanding gases. The inside of the combustor is often made of ceramic materials to provide a heat-resistant chamber. The heat can reach 2700°.

Nozzle

              The nozzle is the exhaust duct of the jet engine. This is the jet engine part which actually produces the thrust for the plane. The energy depleted airflow that passed the turbine, in addition to the colder air that bypassed the engine core, produces a force when exiting the nozzle that acts to propel the engine, and therefore the airplane, forward. The combination of the hot air and cold air are expelled and produce an exhaust, which causes a forward thrust. The nozzle may be preceded by a mixer, which combines the high temperature air coming from the jet engine core with the lower temperature air that was bypassed in the fan. The mixer helps to make the jet engine quieter.

Rotary Engine

 

How to rotary engine works?   

A rotary engine is an internal combustion engine, like the engine in your car, but it works in a completely different way than the conventional piston engine. In a piston engine, the same volume of space (the cylinder) alternately does four different jobs -- intake, compression, combustion and exhaust. A rotary engine does these sam­e four jobs, but each one happens in its own part of the housing. It's kind of like having a dedicated cylinder for each of the four jobs, with the piston moving continually from one to the next.

Rotary Engine Principles

Like a piston engine, the rotary engine uses the pressure created when a combination of air and fuel is burned. In a piston engine, that pressure is contained in the cylinders and forces pistons to move back and forth. The connecting rods and crankshaft convert the reciprocating motion of the pistons into rotational motion that can be used to power a car.
In a rotary engine, the pressure of combustion is contained in a chamber formed by part of the housing and sealed in by one face of the triangular rotor, which is what the engine uses instead of pistons.

The rotor follows a path that looks like something you'd create with a Spirograph. This path keeps each of the three peaks of the rotor in contact with the housing, creating three separate volumes of gas. As the rotor moves around the chamber, each of the three volumes of gas alternately expands and contracts. It is this expansion and contraction that draws air and fuel into the engine, compresses it and makes useful power as the gases expand, and then expels the exhaust.

We'll be taking a look inside a rotary engine to check out the parts, but first let's take a look at a new model car with an all-new rotary engine.

Mazda RX-8

Mazda RX-8

­Mazda has been a pioneer in developing production cars that use rotary engines. The RX-7, which went on sale in 1978, was probably the most successful rotary-engine-powered car. But it was preceded by a series of rotary-engine cars, trucks and even buses, starting with the 1967 Cosmo Sport. The last year the RX-7 was sold in the United States was 1995, but the rotary engine is set to make a comeback in the near future.
The Mazda RX-8 , a new car from Mazda, has a new, award winning rotary engine called the RENESIS. Named International Engine of the Year 2003, this naturally aspirated two-rotor engine will produce about 250 horsepower.

4 Stroke engine

                                           

   How to Four Stroke Engine Work?

Almost all cars currently use what is called a four-stroke combustion cycle to convert gasoline into motion. The four-stroke approach is also known as the Otto cycle, in honor of Nikolaus Otto, who invented it in 1867.A four-stroke engine (also known as four-cycle). As you see in this picture that how to 4 stroke engine works.

A four stroke engine works in 4 step which is as following.
    1.Intake stroke
    2.Compression stroke
    3.Combustion stroke
    4.Exhaust stroke

The piston starts at the top (TDC), the intake valve opens, and the piston moves (BDC) down to let the engine take in a cylinder-full of air and gasoline. This is the intake stroke. Only the tiniest drop of gasoline needs to be mixed into the air for this to work.
    Then the piston moves back up (TDC) to compress this fuel/air mixture. Compression makes the explosion more powerful.
    When the piston reaches the top (TDC) of its stroke, the spark plug emits a spark to ignite the gasoline. The gasoline charge in the cylinder explodes, driving the piston down.
  Once the piston hits the bottom of its stroke, the exhaust valve opens and the exhaust leaves the cylinder to go out the tailpipe.
Now the engine is ready for the next cycle, so it intakes another charge of air and gas.

Components of  4 stroke engine  

C: Crankshaft 
E: Exhaust camshaft 
I: Inlet camshaft 
P: Piston 
R: Connecting rod 
S: Spark plug 
V: Valves. Red: exhaust, Blue: intake 
W: Cooling water duct

Crankshaft
                   The crankshaft, sometimes abbreviated to crank, is the part of an engine that translates reciprocating linear piston motion into rotation. To convert the reciprocating motion into rotation, the crankshaft has "crank throws" or "crankpins", additional bearing surfaces whose axis is offset from that of the crank, to which the "big ends" of the connecting rods from each cylinder attach.

Exhaust camshaft
                               A camshaft is a shaft to which a cam is fastened or of which a cam forms an integral part. Exhaust camshaft connected with crankshaft by time built.The exhaust camshaft is use to open the exhaust value to exhaust all gases for engine cylinder.

Inlet camshaft 

                         A camshaft is a shaft to which a cam is fastened or of which a cam forms an integral part. inlet camshaft connected with crankshaft by time built.The inlet camshaft is use to open the intake value to in air fuel mixturer into cylinder.  

Piston
            A piston is a part of a internal combustion engine. The piston goes up and down in a cylinder. When it is up gas is injected and ignited by the spark plug. That explodes and pushes the piston down. The piston is connected to a connecting rod and crankshaft in a way that as it goes down it turns the shaft. The same thing happens to the other pistons in a very quick and repeated process.

Connecting rod 
                          One of the most important features in machinery is the connection rod, because it connects the pistons with the crankshaft. The connection rod links together the movements of both units, even though they differ from one another. The pistons move in a corresponding way whereas the crank turns around an axis in a rotating movement.

 Spark plug
                   A spark plug  is a device for delivering electric current from an ignition system to the combustion chamber of a spark-ignition engine to ignite the compressed fuel/air mixture by an electric spark, while containing combustion pressure within the engine.

                       





Exhaust valve
                         Through Exhaust  valve  all burned gases from a cylinder escape into the exhaust manifold.

Intake valve
                        Through intake valve all flue mixture in from intake manifold into a cylinder. 



Almost all new car having four stroke engine.like the new honda accord having in 4-line 4 Cylinder 4 Stroke engine.More specifications you can see in this table.

In 1982, the Accord became the first car from a Japanese manufacturer to be produced in the United States when production commenced in Marysville, Ohio at Honda's Marysville Auto Plant. The Accord has achieved considerable success, especially in the United States, where it was the best-selling Japanese car for fifteen years (1982–97), topping its class in sales in 1991 and 2001, with around ten million vehicles sold.

2 stroke engine

                                                

         

How two stroke engine works?

If you now a little about engine , any engine perform 4 thing which i explain in 4 following steps.
1.Intake
2.Compression 
3.Power
4.Exhaust

INTAKE
The fuel/air mixture is first drawn into the crankcase by the vacuum that is created during the upward stroke of the piston. The illustrated engine features a poppet intake valve; however, many engines use a rotary value incorporated into the crankshaft.

COMPRESSION
The piston then rises, driven by flywheel momentum, and compresses the fuel mixture. (At the same time, another intake stroke is happening beneath the piston).

POWER
At the top of the stroke, the spark plug ignites the fuel mixture. The burning fuel expands, driving the piston downward, to complete the cycle. (At the same time, another crankcase compression stroke is happening beneath the piston.)

EXHAUST
Toward the end of the stroke, the piston exposes the intake port, allowing the compressed fuel/air mixture in the crankcase to escape around the piston into the main cylinder. This expels the exhaust gasses out the exhaust port, usually located on the opposite side of the cylinder. Unfortunately, some of the fresh fuel mixture is usually expelled as well.

Components of  2 stroke engine

You find two-stroke engines in such devices as chain saws and jet skis because two-stroke engines have three important advantages over four-stroke engines:

• Two-stroke engines do not have valves, which simplifies their construction and lowers their weight.
• Two-stroke engines fire once every revolution, while four-stroke engines fire once every other revolution. This gives two-stroke engines a significant power boost.
• Two-stroke engines can work in any orientation, which can be important in something like a chainsaw. A standard four-stroke engine may have problems with oil flow unless it is upright, and solving this problem can add complexity to the engine.

These advantages make two-stroke engines lighter, simpler and less expensive to manufacture. Two-stroke engines also have the potential to pack about twice the power into the same space because there are twice as many power strokes per revolution. The combination of light weight and twice the power gives two-stroke engines a great power-to-weight ratio compared to many four-stroke engine designs.
You don't normally see two-stroke engines in cars, however. That's because two-stroke engines have a couple of significant disadvantages that will make more sense once we look at how it operates.



F500 Formula
1995 Phantom F500 Formula Car
Our Formula 500 open wheel racecar uses a two cylinder two-stroke snowmobile engine with a continuously variable transmission (CVT) to propel the car up to 145 mph when geared for a road course. Lack of aerodynamic devices, such as wings, and the use of rubber pucks as a substitute for springs and shocks contribute to keeping F500 costs down. Properly equipped, an F500 car can be used in SCCA autocross, time trials, hill climbs or wheel-to-wheel racing.